RFC 9740: New IPFIX Information Elements for TCP Options and IPv6 Extension Headers

1.1. Issues with ipv6ExtensionHeaders Information Element

The specification of the ipv6ExtensionHeaders IPFIX IE (64) does not:¶

Section 3 addresses these issues.¶

This specification deprecates the ipv6ExtensionHeaders IPFIX IE in favor of the new IEs defined in this document.¶

1.2. Issues with tcpOptions Information Element

The specification of the tcpOptions IPFIX IE (209) does not:¶

Section 4 addresses these issues.¶

This specification deprecates the tcpOptions IE in favor of the new IEs defined in this document.¶

3.1. ipv6ExtensionHeaderType Information Element

Name:

ipv6ExtensionHeaderType¶

ElementID:

513¶

Description:

Type of an IPv6 extension header observed in at least one packet of this Flow.¶

Abstract Data Type:

unsigned8¶

Data Type Semantics:

identifier¶

Additional Information:

See the "IPv6 Extension Header Types" registry at [IANA-EH].¶

See Section 4 of [RFC8200] for the general definition of IPv6 extension headers.¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

3.2. ipv6ExtensionHeaderCount Information Element

Name:

ipv6ExtensionHeaderCount¶

ElementID:

514¶

Description:

The number of consecutive occurrences of the same extension header type in a Flow.¶

This IE is reported, e.g., in the ipv6ExtensionHeaderTypeCountList IE.¶

The type of the extension header is provided in the ipv6ExtensionHeaderType IE.¶

Abstract Data Type:

unsigned8¶

Data Type Semantics:

totalCounter¶

Additional Information:

See the "IPv6 Extension Header Types" registry at [IANA-EH].¶

See Section 4 of [RFC8200] for the general definition of IPv6 extension headers.¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

3.3. ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull Information Element

Name:

ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull¶

ElementID:

515¶

Description:

IPv6 extension headers observed in packets of this Flow. The information is encoded in a set of bit fields. For each IPv6 extension header, there is a bit in this set. The bit is set to 1 if any observed packet of this Flow contains the corresponding IPv6 extension header. Otherwise, if no observed packet of this Flow contains the respective IPv6 extension header, the value of the corresponding bit is 0.¶

The IPv6 extension header associated with each bit is provided in [IANA-IPFIX-IPv6EH]. Bit 0 corresponds to the least significant bit (LSB) in the ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE, while bit 255 corresponds to the most significant bit (MSB) of the IE. In doing so, few octets will be needed to encode common IPv6 extension headers when observed in a Flow.¶

The "No Next Header" (bit 2) value (Section 4.7 of [RFC8200]) is used if there is no upper-layer header in an IPv6 packet. Even if the value is not considered as an extension header as such, the corresponding bit is set in the ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE whenever that value is encountered in the Flow.¶

Extension headers observed in a Flow with varying extension header chains MUST NOT be grouped in the ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE if the ipv6ExtensionHeaderChainLengthList IE is also present.¶

If the ipv6ExtensionHeaderChainLengthList IE is not present, then extension headers observed in a Flow with varying extension header chains MAY be grouped in one single ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE or be exported in separate ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IEs, one for each extension header chain.¶

The ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE MUST NOT be exported if ipv6ExtensionHeaderTypeCountList IE is also present because of the overlapping scopes of these two IEs.¶

The value of ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE may be encoded in fewer octets per the guidelines in Section 6.2 of [RFC7011].¶

Abstract Data Type:

unsigned256¶

Data Type Semantics:

flags¶

Additional Information:

See the "IPFIX ipv6ExtensionHeaders Bits" registry at [IANA-IPFIX-IPv6EH].¶

See the "IPv6 Extension Header Types" registry at [IANA-EH].¶

See Section 4 of [RFC8200] for the general definition of IPv6 extension headers.¶

The ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE deprecates the ipv6ExtensionHeaders IE (64) that was initially defined in [RFC5102].¶

[RFC7012] obsoletes [RFC5102] and specifies that [IANA-IPFIX] is the normative reference for the ipv6ExtensionHeaders IE (64).¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

3.4. ipv6ExtensionHeaderTypeCountList Information Element

Name:

ipv6ExtensionHeaderTypeCountList¶

ElementID:

516¶

Description:

As per Section 4.1 of [RFC8200], IPv6 nodes must accept and attempt to process extension headers occurring any number of times in the same packet. This IE echoes the order of extension headers and number of consecutive occurrences of the same extension header type in a Flow.¶

This IE is a subTemplateList of ipv6ExtensionHeaderType and ipv6ExtensionHeaderCount IEs.¶

Each header chain in a Flow with varying extension header chains MUST be exported in a separate IE.¶

The same extension header type may appear several times in an ipv6ExtensionHeaderTypeCountList IE. For example, if an IPv6 packet of a Flow includes a Hop-by-Hop Options header, a Destination Options header, a Fragment header, and a Destination Options header, the ipv6ExtensionHeaderTypeCountList IE will report:¶

• the count of Hop-by-Hop Options headers,¶

• the occurrences of the Destination Options headers that are observed before a Fragment header,¶

• the occurrences of the Fragment headers, and¶

• the occurrences of the Destination Options headers that are observed right after a Fragment header.¶

If an implementation determines that an observed packet of a Flow includes an extension header (including an extension header that it does not support), then the exact observed code of that extension header MUST be echoed in the ipv6ExtensionHeaderTypeCountList IE. How an implementation disambiguates between unknown upper-layer protocols vs. extension headers is not IPFIX-specific. Refer, for example, to Section 2.2 of [RFC8883] for a behavior of an intermediate node that encounters an unknown Next Header type.¶

Abstract Data Type:

subTemplateList¶

Data Type Semantics:

list¶

Additional Information:

See the "IPv6 Extension Header Types" registry at [IANA-EH].¶

See Section 4 of [RFC8200] for the general definition of IPv6 extension headers.¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

3.5. ipv6ExtensionHeadersLimit Information Element

Name:

ipv6ExtensionHeadersLimit¶

ElementID:

517¶

Description:

When set to "false", this IE indicates that the exported extension header information (e.g., ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull or ipv6ExtensionHeaderTypeCountList) does not match the full enclosed extension headers, but only up to a limit that is typically set by hardware or software.¶

When set to "true", this IE indicates that the exported extension header information matches the full enclosed extension headers.¶

Abstract Data Type:

boolean¶

Data Type Semantics:

default¶

Additional Information:

See Section 4 of [RFC8200] for the general definition of IPv6 extension headers.¶

See [RFC8883] for an example of IPv6 packet processing due to limits on extension headers.¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

3.6. ipv6ExtensionHeadersChainLength Information Element

Name:

ipv6ExtensionHeadersChainLength¶

ElementID:

518¶

Description:

In theory, there are no limits on the number of IPv6 extension headers that may be present in a packet other than the path MTU. However, it was regularly reported that IPv6 packets with extension headers were often dropped in the Internet (e.g., [RFC7872]).¶

As discussed in Section 1.2 of [RFC8883], some hardware devices implement a parsing buffer of a fixed size to process packets, including all the headers. When the aggregate length of headers of an IPv6 packet exceeds that size, the packet will be discarded or deferred to a slow path.¶

The ipv6ExtensionHeadersChainLength IE is used to report, in octets, the length of an extension header chain observed in a Flow. The length is the sum of the lengths of all extension headers of the chain. Exporting such information might help identifying root causes of performance degradation, including packet drops.¶

Each header chain length of a Flow with varying extension header chains MUST be exported in a separate ipv6ExtensionHeadersChainLength IE.¶

Abstract Data Type:

unsigned32¶

Data Type Semantics:

identifier¶

Units:

octets¶

Additional Information:

See Section 4 of [RFC8200] for the general definition of IPv6 extension headers.¶

See [RFC9098] for an overview of operational implications of IPv6 packets with extension headers.¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

3.7. ipv6ExtensionHeaderChainLengthList Information Element

Name:

ipv6ExtensionHeaderChainLengthList¶

ElementID:

519¶

Description:

This IE is used to report the chains and their lengths as observed in a Flow with varying extension header chains.¶

This IE is a subTemplateList of ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull and ipv6ExtensionHeadersChainLength IEs.¶

If several extension header chains are observed in a Flow, each header chain MUST be exported in a separate ipv6ExtensionHeaderChainLengthList IE.¶

Abstract Data Type:

subTemplateList¶

Data Type Semantics:

list¶

Additional Information:

See the "IPv6 Extension Header Types" registry at [IANA-EH].¶

See Section 4 of [RFC8200] for the general definition of IPv6 extension headers.¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

4.1. tcpOptionsFull Information Element

This section specifies a new IE to cover the full TCP options range.¶

Name:

tcpOptionsFull¶

ElementID:

520¶

Description:

TCP options in packets of this Flow. The information is encoded in a set of bit fields. For each TCP option, there is a bit in this set. The bit is set to 1 if any observed packet of this Flow contains the corresponding TCP option. Otherwise, if no observed packet of this Flow contains the respective TCP option, the value of the corresponding bit is 0.¶

Options are mapped to bits according to their option numbers. TCP option Kind 0 corresponds to the least significant bit in the tcpOptionsFull IE, while Kind 255 corresponds to the most significant bit of the IE. This approach allows an observer to export any observed TCP option even if it does not support that option and without requiring updating a mapping table.¶

The value of tcpOptionsFull IE may be encoded in fewer octets per the guidelines in Section 6.2 of [RFC7011].¶

The presence of tcpSharedOptionExID16List or tcpSharedOptionExID32List IEs is an indication that a shared TCP option (Kind=253 or 254) is observed in a Flow. The presence of tcpSharedOptionExID16List or tcpSharedOptionExID32List IEs takes precedence over setting the corresponding bits in the tcpOptionsFull IE for the same Flow. In order to optimize the use of the reduced-size encoding in the presence of tcpSharedOptionExID16List or tcpSharedOptionExID32List IEs, the Exporter MUST NOT set to 1 the shared TCP options (Kind=253 or 254) of the tcpOptionsFull IE that is reported for the same Flow.¶

Abstract Data Type:

unsigned256¶

Data Type Semantics:

flags¶

Additional Information:

See the "TCP Option Kind Numbers" registry at [IANA-TCP].¶

See [RFC9293] for the general definition of TCP options.¶

The tcpOptionsFull IE deprecates the tcpOptions IE (209) that was initially defined in [RFC5102].¶

[RFC7012] obsoletes [RFC5102] and specifies that [IANA-IPFIX] is the normative reference for the tcpOptions IE (209).¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

4.2. tcpSharedOptionExID16 Information Element

Name:

tcpSharedOptionExID16¶

ElementID:

521¶

Description:

Reports an observed 2-byte ExID in a shared TCP option (Kind=253 or 254) in a Flow.¶

A basicList of tcpSharedOptionExID16 is used to report tcpSharedOptionExID16List values.¶

Abstract Data Type:

unsigned16¶

Data Type Semantics:

identifier¶

Additional Information:

See the "TCP Experimental Option Experiment Identifiers (TCP ExIDs)" registry at [IANA-TCP-ExIDs].¶

See [RFC9293] for the general definition of TCP options.¶

See [RFC6994] for the shared use of experimental TCP Options.¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

4.3. tcpSharedOptionExID32 Information Element

Name:

tcpSharedOptionExID32¶

ElementID:

522¶

Description:

Reports an observed 4-byte ExID in a shared TCP option (Kind=253 or 254) in a Flow.¶

A basicList of tcpSharedOptionExID32 is used to report tcpSharedOptionExID32List values.¶

Abstract Data Type:

unsigned32¶

Data Type Semantics:

identifier¶

Additional Information:

See the "TCP Experimental Option Experiment Identifiers (TCP ExIDs)" registry at [IANA-TCP-ExIDs].¶

See [RFC9293] for the general definition of TCP options.¶

See [RFC6994] for the shared use of experimental TCP Options.¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

4.4. tcpSharedOptionExID16List Information Element

Name:

tcpSharedOptionExID16List¶

ElementID:

523¶

Description:

Reports observed 2-byte ExIDs in shared TCP options (Kind=253 or 254) in a Flow.¶

A basicList of tcpSharedOptionExID16 IEs in which each tcpSharedOptionExID16 IE carries an observed 2-byte ExID in a shared option.¶

Abstract Data Type:

basicList¶

Data Type Semantics:

list¶

Additional Information:

See the "TCP Experimental Option Experiment Identifiers (TCP ExIDs)" registry at [IANA-TCP-ExIDs].¶

See [RFC9293] for the general definition of TCP options.¶

See [RFC6994] for the shared use of experimental TCP Options.¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

4.5. tcpSharedOptionExID32List Information Element

Name:

tcpSharedOptionExID32List¶

ElementID:

524¶

Description:

Reports observed 4-byte ExIDs in shared TCP options (Kind=253 or 254) in a Flow.¶

A basicList of tcpSharedOptionExID32 IEs in which each tcpSharedOptionExID32 IE carries an observed 4-byte ExID in a shared option.¶

Abstract Data Type:

basicList¶

Data Type Semantics:

list¶

Additional Information:

See the "TCP Experimental Option Experiment Identifiers (TCP ExIDs)" registry at [IANA-TCP-ExIDs].¶

See [RFC9293] for the general definition of TCP options.¶

See [RFC6994] for the shared use of experimental TCP Options.¶

Reference:

RFC 9740¶

6.1. IPv6 Extension Headers

Figure 1 provides an example of EH/bit mappings in an ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE for an IPv6 Flow in which only the IPv6 Destination Options (0) header is observed. The bits are set following the table provided in Section 8.4.1.¶

MSB                                                      LSB
                     1                          25
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|   |0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The leading zeros are dropped per the reduced-size encoding guidance. One octet is thus sufficient to send these observed options on the wire. Concretely, the ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE will be set to 0x01 (Figure 2).¶

MSB           LSB
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 3 provides another example of reported values in an ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE for an IPv6 Flow in which the Destination Options (0), IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options (1), and Routing (5) headers are observed. One octet is sufficient to report these observed options. Concretely, the ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE will be set to 0x23.¶

MSB           LSB
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|0|1|0|0|0|1|1|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Let us now consider an IPv6 Flow in which the following EH chain is observed: Routing (5), Mobility (7), and Authentication (9) header. Figure 4 shows the ipv6ExtensionHeadersFull IE (0x02A0) to report this individual chain.¶

MSB                          LSB
                     1
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|1|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

6.2. TCP Options

MSB                                                      LSB
                     1                          25
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|   |0|0|0|0|1|1|0|1|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+...+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

MSB           LSB
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|0|0|0|1|1|0|1|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

 MSB                                                          LSB
 0                   1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
:                           ...                                 :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|      255      |        List Length = 9        |semantic=allof |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|tcpSharedOptionExID16 = 521    |         Field Length = 2      |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|              0x0348           |             0x454E            |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|      255      |        List Length = 9        |semantic=allof |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|tcpSharedOptionExID32 = 522    |         Field Length = 4      |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                           0xE2D4C3D9                          |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:                           ...                                 :

8.1. Deprecate ipv6ExtensionHeaders and tcpOptions Information Elements

IANA has updated the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry under the "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Entities" registry group [IANA-IPFIX] as follows:¶

Also, IANA has updated the reference of ipv6ExtensionHeaders IE (64) and tcpOptions IE (209) to point to this document.¶

8.2. IPFIX Information Elements

IANA has added the following new IPFIX IEs to the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry under the "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Entities" registry group [IANA-IPFIX]:¶

8.3. IPFIX Information Element Data Type

IANA has added the following new abstract data type to the "IPFIX Information Element Data Types" registry under the "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Entities" registry group [IANA-IPFIX]:¶

8.4. IPFIX Registry for IPv6 Extension Headers

IANA has created a new registry entitled "IPFIX ipv6ExtensionHeaders Bits" in the IANA IPFIX registry group [IANA-IPFIX].¶

When a new code is assigned to an IPv6 EH in [IANA-EH], the next available free bit is selected by IANA for this EH from the "IPFIX ipv6ExtensionHeaders Bits" registry, and the registry is updated with the details that mirror the assigned EH. The "Label" mirrors the "keyword" of an EH as indicated in [IANA-Protocols], while the "Protocol Number" mirrors the "Protocol Number" in [IANA-EH]. IANA has added the following note to [IANA-EH]:¶

Note: When a new code is assigned to an IPv6 Extension Header, the next available free bit in [IANA-IPFIX-IPv6EH] is selected for this new Extension Header. [IANA-IPFIX-IPv6EH] is updated accordingly. Modifications to existing registrations must be mirrored in [IANA-IPFIX-IPv6EH].¶

Otherwise, the registration policy for the registry is Expert Review (Section 4.5 of [RFC8126]). See more details in Section 8.4.2.¶

9.1. Normative References

[IANA-EH]

IANA, "IPv6 Extension Header Types", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-parameters>.

[IANA-IPFIX]

IANA, "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Entities", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipfix>.

[IANA-IPFIX-IPv6EH]

IANA, "IPFIX ipv6ExtensionHeaders Bits", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipfix>.

[IANA-Protocols]

IANA, "Protocol Numbers", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers>.

[IANA-TCP]

IANA, "TCP Option Kind Numbers", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/tcp-parameters>.

[IANA-TCP-ExIDs]

IANA, "TCP Experimental Option Experiment Identifiers (TCP ExIDs)", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/tcp-parameters>.

[RFC2119]

Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

[RFC6313]

Claise, B., Dhandapani, G., Aitken, P., and S. Yates, "Export of Structured Data in IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)", RFC 6313, DOI 10.17487/RFC6313, July 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6313>.

[RFC6994]

Touch, J., "Shared Use of Experimental TCP Options", RFC 6994, DOI 10.17487/RFC6994, August 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6994>.

[RFC7011]

Claise, B., Ed., Trammell, B., Ed., and P. Aitken, "Specification of the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Protocol for the Exchange of Flow Information", STD 77, RFC 7011, DOI 10.17487/RFC7011, September 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7011>.

[RFC7012]

Claise, B., Ed. and B. Trammell, Ed., "Information Model for IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)", RFC 7012, DOI 10.17487/RFC7012, September 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7012>.

[RFC8126]

Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

[RFC8174]

Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

[RFC8200]

Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200, DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.

[RFC9293]

Eddy, W., Ed., "Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)", STD 7, RFC 9293, DOI 10.17487/RFC9293, August 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9293>.

9.2. Informative References

[EH-LIMITS]

Herbert, T., "Limits on Sending and Processing IPv6 Extension Headers", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-6man-eh-limits-19, 27 February 2025, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/api/v1/doc/document/draft-ietf-6man-eh-limits/>.

[RFC5102]

Quittek, J., Bryant, S., Claise, B., Aitken, P., and J. Meyer, "Information Model for IP Flow Information Export", RFC 5102, DOI 10.17487/RFC5102, January 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5102>.

[RFC7609]

Fox, M., Kassimis, C., and J. Stevens, "IBM's Shared Memory Communications over RDMA (SMC-R) Protocol", RFC 7609, DOI 10.17487/RFC7609, August 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7609>.

[RFC7872]

Gont, F., Linkova, J., Chown, T., and W. Liu, "Observations on the Dropping of Packets with IPv6 Extension Headers in the Real World", RFC 7872, DOI 10.17487/RFC7872, June 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7872>.

[RFC7974]

Williams, B., Boucadair, M., and D. Wing, "An Experimental TCP Option for Host Identification", RFC 7974, DOI 10.17487/RFC7974, October 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7974>.

[RFC8547]

Bittau, A., Giffin, D., Handley, M., Mazieres, D., and E. Smith, "TCP-ENO: Encryption Negotiation Option", RFC 8547, DOI 10.17487/RFC8547, May 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8547>.

[RFC8883]

Herbert, T., "ICMPv6 Errors for Discarding Packets Due to Processing Limits", RFC 8883, DOI 10.17487/RFC8883, September 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8883>.

[RFC9098]

Gont, F., Hilliard, N., Doering, G., Kumari, W., Huston, G., and W. Liu, "Operational Implications of IPv6 Packets with Extension Headers", RFC 9098, DOI 10.17487/RFC9098, September 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9098>.