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RFC 9802: Use of the HSS and XMSS Hash-Based Signature Algorithms in Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure

  • D. Van Geest,  
  • K. Bashiri,  
  • S. Fluhrer,  
  • S. Gazdag,  
  • S. Kousidis
Proposed Standard

Abstract

This document specifies algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding formats for the following stateful Hash-Based Signature (HBS) schemes: Hierarchical Signature System (HSS), eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), and XMSSMT (a multi-tree variant of XMSS). This specification applies to the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) when digital signatures are used to sign certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs).

Status of This Memo

This is an Internet Standards Track document.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9802.

1. Introduction

Stateful Hash-Based Signature (HBS) schemes such as the Hierarchical Signature System (HSS), eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), and XMSSMT combine Merkle trees with One-Time Signatures (OTS). This is done in order to provide digital signature schemes that remain secure even when quantum computers become available. Their theoretic security is well understood and depends only on the security of the underlying hash function. As such, they can serve as an important building block for quantum computer resistant information and communication technology.

A stateful HBS private key consists of a finite collection of OTS keys, along with state information that tracks the usage of these keys to ensure the security of the scheme. Only a limited number of messages can be signed, and the private key's state must be updated and persisted after signing to prevent reuse of OTS keys. While the right selection of algorithm parameters would allow a private key to sign a virtually unbounded number of messages (e.g., 260), this is at the cost of a larger signature size and longer signing time. Because the private key in stateful HBS schemes is stateful and the number of signatures that can be generated is limited, these schemes may be unsuitable for use in interactive protocols. However, in some use cases, the deployment of stateful HBS schemes may be appropriate. Such use cases are described and discussed in Section 3.

2. Conventions and Definitions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

3. Use Cases of Stateful HBS Schemes in X.509

As described in the Security Considerations in Section 10, it is imperative that stateful HBS implementations do not reuse OTS signatures. This makes stateful HBS algorithms inappropriate for general use cases. The exact conditions under which stateful HBS certificates may be used is left to certificate policies [RFC3647]. However, the intended use of stateful HBS schemes as described by [SP800208] can be used as a guideline:

stateful HBS schemes are primarily intended for applications with the following characteristics: 1) it is necessary to implement a digital signature scheme in the near future; 2) the implementation will have a long lifetime; and 3) it would not be practical to transition to a different digital signature scheme once the implementation has been deployed.

In addition, since a stateful HBS private key can only generate a finite number of signatures, use cases for stateful HBS public keys in certificates should have a predictable range of the number of signatures that will be generated, falling safely below the maximum number of signatures that a private key can generate.

Use cases where stateful HBS public keys in certificates may be appropriate due to the relatively small number of signatures generated and the signer's ability to enforce security restrictions on the signing environment include:

In each of these cases, the operator tightly controls their secured signing environment and can mitigate OTS key reuse by employing state management strategies such as those in Section 10. Also, for secure private key backup and restoration, adequate mechanisms have to be implemented (see Section 11).

Generally speaking, stateful HBS public keys are not appropriate for use in end-entity certificates, however, in the firmware and software signing cases, signature generation will often be more tightly controlled. Some manufactures use common and well-established key formats like X.509 for their code signing and update mechanisms. Also, there are multi-party Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems where publicly trusted code signing certificates are useful.

In general, root CAs [RFC4949] generate signatures in a more secure environment and issue fewer certificates than subordinate CAs [RFC4949]. This makes the use of stateful HBS public keys more appropriate in root CA certificates than in subordinate CA certificates. However, if a subordinate CA can match the security and signature count restrictions of a root CA, for example, if the subordinate CA only issues code-signing certificates, then using a stateful HBS public key in the subordinate CA certificate may be practical.

4. Algorithm Identifiers and Parameters

In this document, we define new Object Identifiers (OIDs) for identifying the different stateful hash-based signature algorithms. An additional OID is defined in [RFC9708] and repeated here for convenience.

The AlgorithmIdentifier type is defined in [RFC5912] as follows:

AlgorithmIdentifier{ALGORITHM-TYPE, ALGORITHM-TYPE:AlgorithmSet} ::=
        SEQUENCE {
            algorithm   ALGORITHM-TYPE.&id({AlgorithmSet}),
            parameters  ALGORITHM-TYPE.
                   &Params({AlgorithmSet}{@algorithm}) OPTIONAL
        }

The fields in AlgorithmIdentifier have the following meanings:

algorithm:
this identifies the cryptographic algorithm with an OID.
parameters:
these are optional and are the associated parameters for the algorithm identifier in the algorithm field.

The parameters field of the AlgorithmIdentifier for HSS, XMSS, and XMSSMT public keys MUST be absent.

4.1. HSS Algorithm Identifier

The OID and public key algorithm identifier for HSS is defined in [RFC9708]. The definitions are repeated here for reference.

The AlgorithmIdentifier for an HSS public key MUST use the id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig OID.

   id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
      iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
      smime(16) alg(3) 17 }

Note that the id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig algorithm identifier is also referred to as id-alg-mts-hashsig. This synonym is based on the terminology used in an early draft of the document that became [RFC8554].

The public key and signature values identify the hash function and the height used in the HSS tree. [RFC8554] and [SP800208] define these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry [IANA-LMS].

4.2. XMSS Algorithm Identifier

The AlgorithmIdentifier for an XMSS public key MUST use the id-alg-xmss-hashsig OID.

   id-alg-xmss-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
      iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
      security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 34 }

The public key and signature values identify the hash function and the height used in the XMSS tree. [RFC8391] and [SP800208] define these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry [IANA-XMSS].

4.3. XMSSMT Algorithm Identifier

The AlgorithmIdentifier for an XMSSMT public key MUST use the id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig OID.

   id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
      iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
      security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 35 }

The public key and signature values identify the hash function and the height used in the XMSSMT tree. [RFC8391] and [SP800208] define these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry [IANA-XMSS].

5. Public Key Identifiers

Certificates conforming to [RFC5280] can convey a public key for any public key algorithm. The certificate indicates the algorithm through an algorithm identifier. An algorithm identifier consists of an OID and optional parameters.

[RFC8554] defines the encoding of HSS public keys, and [RFC8391] defines the encodings of XMSS and XMSSMT public keys. When used in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo type, the subjectPublicKey BIT STRING contains these encodings of the public key.

This document defines ASN.1 [X680] OCTET STRING types for encoding the public keys when not used in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo. The OCTET STRING is mapped to a subjectPublicKey (a value of type BIT STRING) as follows: the most significant bit of the OCTET STRING value becomes the most significant bit of the BIT STRING value, and so on; the least significant bit of the OCTET STRING becomes the least significant bit of the BIT STRING.

5.1. HSS Public Keys

The HSS public key identifier is as follows:

   pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig
      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
      PARAMS ARE absent
      CERT-KEY-USAGE
         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

The HSS public key is defined as follows:

   HSS-LMS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

[RFC8554] defines the encoding of an HSS public key using the hss_public_key structure. See [SP800208] and [RFC8554] for more information on the contents and format of an HSS public key. Note that the Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS) single-tree signature scheme is instantiated as HSS with the number of levels being equal to 1.

5.2. XMSS Public Keys

The XMSS public key identifier is as follows:

   pk-XMSS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
      PARAMS ARE absent
      CERT-KEY-USAGE
         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

The XMSS public key is defined as follows:

   XMSS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

[RFC8391] defines the encoding of an XMSS public key using the xmss_public_key structure. See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more information on the contents and format of an XMSS public key.

5.3. XMSSMT Public Keys

The XMSSMT public key identifier is as follows:

   pk-XMSSMT-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
      PARAMS ARE absent
      CERT-KEY-USAGE
         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

The XMSSMT public key is defined as follows:

   XMSSMT-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

[RFC8391] defines the encoding of an XMSSMT public key using the xmssmt_public_key structure. See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more information on the contents and format of an XMSSMT public key.

6. Key Usage Bits

The intended application for the key is indicated in the keyUsage certificate extension [RFC5280]. When id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig, id-alg-xmss-hashsig, or id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig appears in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field of a CA X.509 certificate [RFC5280], the certificate key usage extension MUST contain at least one of the following values: digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, or cRLSign. However, it MUST NOT contain other values.

When id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig, id-alg-xmss-hashsig, or id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig appears in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field of an end entity X.509 certificate [RFC5280], the certificate key usage extension MUST contain at least one of the following values: digitalSignature, nonRepudiation or cRLSign. However, it MUST NOT contain other values.

7. Signature Algorithms

The same OIDs used to identify HSS, XMSS, and XMSSMT public keys are also used to identify their respective signatures. When these algorithm identifiers appear in the algorithm field of an AlgorithmIdentifier, the encoding MUST omit the parameters field. That is, the AlgorithmIdentifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, one of the OIDs defined in the following subsections.

When the signature algorithm identifiers described in this document are used to create a signature on a message, no digest algorithm is applied to the message before signing. That is, the full data to be signed is signed rather than a digest of the data.

The format of an HSS signature is described in Section 6.2 of [RFC8554]. The format of an XMSS signature is described in Appendix B.2 of [RFC8391], and the format of an XMSSMT signature is described in Appendix C.2 of [RFC8391]. The octet string representing the signature is encoded directly in a BIT STRING without adding any additional ASN.1 wrapping. For the Certificate and CertificateList structures, the octet string is encoded in the "signatureValue" BIT STRING field.

7.1. HSS Signature Algorithm

The id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig OID is used to specify that an HSS signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was not hashed before being processed by the HSS signature algorithm.

See [SP800208] and [RFC8554] for more information on the contents and format of an HSS signature.

7.2. XMSS Signature Algorithm

The id-alg-xmss-hashsig OID is used to specify that an XMSS signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was not hashed before being processed by the XMSS signature algorithm.

See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more information on the contents and format of an XMSS signature.

The signature generation MUST be performed according to Section 7.2 of [SP800208].

7.3. XMSSMT Signature Algorithm

The id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig OID is used to specify that an XMSSMT signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was not hashed before being processed by the XMSSMT signature algorithm.

See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more information on the contents and format of an XMSSMT signature.

The signature generation MUST be performed according to Section 7.2 of [SP800208].

8. Key Generation

The key generation for XMSS and XMSSMT MUST be performed according to Section 7.2 of [SP800208].

9. ASN.1 Module

For reference purposes, the ASN.1 syntax is presented as an ASN.1 module here [X680]. Note that as per [RFC5280], certificates use the Distinguished Encoding Rules; see [X690]. This ASN.1 module builds upon the conventions established in [RFC5912]. This module imports objects from [RFC5912] and [RFC9708].

X509-SHBS-2024
  { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
    mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-shbs-2024(114) }

DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN

EXPORTS ALL;

IMPORTS
  PUBLIC-KEY, SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM
    FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009  -- [RFC5912]
      { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
        security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
        id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) }

  sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig, pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig
    FROM MTS-HashSig-2013 -- [RFC9708]
      { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
        id-smime(16) id-mod(0) id-mod-mts-hashsig-2013(64) };

--
-- Object Identifiers
--

-- id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig is defined in [RFC9708]

id-alg-xmss-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
   iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
   mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 34 }

id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
   iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
   mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 35 }

--
-- Signature Algorithms and Public Keys
--

-- sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig is defined in [RFC9708]

sa-XMSS-HashSig SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
   PARAMS ARE absent
   PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-XMSS-HashSig }
   SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-xmss-hashsig } }

sa-XMSSMT-HashSig SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
   PARAMS ARE absent
   PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-XMSSMT-HashSig }
   SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig } }

-- pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig is defined in [RFC9708]

pk-XMSS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
   -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
   PARAMS ARE absent
   CERT-KEY-USAGE
      { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

XMSS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

pk-XMSSMT-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
   -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
   PARAMS ARE absent
   CERT-KEY-USAGE
      { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

XMSSMT-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

--
-- Public Key (pk-) Algorithms
--
PublicKeys PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
   -- This expands PublicKeys from RFC 5912
   pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig |
   pk-XMSS-HashSig |
   pk-XMSSMT-HashSig,
   ...
}

--
-- Signature Algorithms (sa-)
--
SignatureAlgs SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
   -- This expands SignatureAlgorithms from RFC 5912
   sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig |
   sa-XMSS-HashSig |
   sa-XMSSMT-HashSig,
   ...
}

END

10. Security Considerations

The security requirements of [SP800208] MUST be taken into account.

As stateful HBS private keys can only generate a limited number of signatures, a user needs to be aware of the total number of signatures they intend to generate in their use case; otherwise, they risk exhausting the number of OTS keys in their private key.

For stateful HBS schemes, it is crucial to stress the importance of correct state management. If an attacker were able to obtain signatures for two different messages created using the same OTS key, then it would become computationally feasible for that attacker to create forgeries [BH16]. As noted in [MCGREW] and [ETSI-TR-103-692], extreme care needs to be taken in order to avoid the risk that an OTS key will be reused accidentally. This is a new requirement that most developers will not be familiar with and requires careful handling.

Various strategies for a correct state management can be applied:

  • Implement a record of all signatures generated by a key pair associated with a stateful HBS instance, for example, by logging the OTS key indexes as signatures are generated. This record may be stored outside the device that is used to generate the signature. Check the record to prevent OTS key reuse before a new signature is released. If OTS key reuse is detected, freeze all new signature generation by the private key, re-audit previously released signatures (possibly revoking the private key if previously released signatures showed OTS key reuse), and perform a post-failure audit.

  • Use a stateful HBS instance only for a moderate number of signatures such that it is always practical to keep a consistent record and be able to unambiguously trace back all generated signatures.

  • Apply the state reservation strategy described in Section 5 of [MCGREW], where upcoming states are reserved in advance by the signer. In this way, the number of state synchronizations between nonvolatile and volatile memory is reduced.

11. Backup and Restore Management

Certificate authorities have high demands in order to ensure the availability of signature generation throughout the validity period of signing key pairs.

Some usual backup and restore strategies when using a stateless signature scheme (e.g., SLH-DSA) are to:

  • duplicate private keying material and operate redundant signing devices.
  • store and safeguard a copy of the private keying material such that it can be used to set up a new signing device in case of technical difficulties.

For stateful HBS schemes, such straightforward backup and restore strategies will lead to OTS reuse with high probability as a correct state management is not guaranteed. Strategies for maintaining availability and keeping a correct state are described in Section 7 of [SP800208] and [S-HBS].

12. IANA Considerations

IANA has registered the following OID for the ASN.1 module (see Section 9) in the "SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifier" (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0) registry:

Table 1
Decimal Description References
114 id-mod-pkix1-shbs-2024 RFC 9802

IANA has registered the following entries in the "SMI Security for PKIX Algorithms" (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.6) registry [SMI-PKIX]:

Table 2
Decimal Description References
34 id-alg-xmss-hashsig RFC 9802
35 id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig RFC 9802

13. References

13.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC5280]
Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.
[RFC5912]
Hoffman, P. and J. Schaad, "New ASN.1 Modules for the Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 5912, DOI 10.17487/RFC5912, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5912>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8391]
Huelsing, A., Butin, D., Gazdag, S., Rijneveld, J., and A. Mohaisen, "XMSS: eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme", RFC 8391, DOI 10.17487/RFC8391, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8391>.
[RFC8554]
McGrew, D., Curcio, M., and S. Fluhrer, "Leighton-Micali Hash-Based Signatures", RFC 8554, DOI 10.17487/RFC8554, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8554>.
[RFC9708]
Housley, R., "Use of the HSS/LMS Hash-Based Signature Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 9708, DOI 10.17487/RFC9708, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9708>.
[SP800208]
Cooper, D., Apon, D., Dang, Q., Davidson, M., Dworkin, M., and C. Miller, "Recommendation for Stateful Hash-Based Signature Schemes", NIST SP 800-208, DOI 10.6028/nist.sp.800-208, , <https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-208>.
[X680]
ITU-T, "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", ITU-T Recommendation X.680, ISO/IEC 8824-1:2021, , <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.680>.
[X690]
ITU-T, "Information technology: ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, ISO/IEC 8825-1:2021, , <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690>.

13.2. Informative References

[ANSSI]
Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d'information (ANSSI), "ANSSI views on the Post-Quantum Cryptography transition (2023 follow up)", , <https://cyber.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/document/follow_up_position_paper_on_post_quantum_cryptography.pdf>.
[BH16]
Bruinderink, L. and S. Hülsing, "Oops, I did it again - Security of One-Time Signatures under Two-Message Attacks.", Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2016/1042, , <https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1042>.
[BSI]
Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI), "Quantum-safe cryptography - fundamentals, current developments and recommendations", , <https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/BSI/Publications/Brochure/quantum-safe-cryptography.pdf>.
[CNSA2.0]
National Security Agency (NSA), "The Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 and Quantum Computing FAQ", , <https://media.defense.gov/2022/Sep/07/2003071836/-1/-1/0/CSI_CNSA_2.0_FAQ_.PDF>.
[ETSI-TR-103-692]
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), "CYBER; State management for stateful authentication mechanisms", ETSI TR 103 692 v1.1.1, , <https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/103600_103699/103692/01.01.01_60/tr_103692v010101p.pdf>.
[IANA-LMS]
IANA, "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/leighton-micali-signatures/>.
[IANA-XMSS]
IANA, "XMSS: Extended Hash-Based Signatures", <https://iana.org/assignments/xmss-extended-hash-based-signatures/>.
[MCGREW]
McGrew, D., Kampanakis, P., Fluhrer, S., Gazdag, S., Butin, D., and J. Buchmann, "State Management for Hash-Based Signatures", Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2016/357, , <https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/357>.
[RFC3279]
Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, DOI 10.17487/RFC3279, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3279>.
[RFC3647]
Chokhani, S., Ford, W., Sabett, R., Merrill, C., and S. Wu, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Policy and Certification Practices Framework", RFC 3647, DOI 10.17487/RFC3647, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3647>.
[RFC4949]
Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2", FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.
[RFC8410]
Josefsson, S. and J. Schaad, "Algorithm Identifiers for Ed25519, Ed448, X25519, and X448 for Use in the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure", RFC 8410, DOI 10.17487/RFC8410, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8410>.
[RFC8411]
Schaad, J. and R. Andrews, "IANA Registration for the Cryptographic Algorithm Object Identifier Range", RFC 8411, DOI 10.17487/RFC8411, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8411>.
[S-HBS]
Wiggers, T., Bashiri, K., Kölbl, S., Goodman, J., and S. Kousidis, "Hash-based Signatures: State and Backup Management", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-wiggers-hbs-state-02, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-wiggers-hbs-state-02>.
[SMI-PKIX]
IANA, "SMI Security for PKIX Algorithms", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/smi-numbers>.

Appendix A. HSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example

This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using HSS.

Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number:
            e8:91:d6:06:91:4f:ce:f3
        Signature Algorithm: hss
        Issuer: C = US, ST = VA, L = Herndon, O = Bogus CA
        Validity
            Not Before: May 14 08:58:11 2024 GMT
            Not After : May 14 08:58:11 2034 GMT
        Subject: C = US, ST = VA, L = Herndon, O = Bogus CA
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: hss
                hss public key:
                PQ key material:
                    00:00:00:01:00:00:00:05:00:00:00:04:c0:96:12:
                    8b:ea:38:30:78:eb:f6:fb:43:d7:7f:9f:9e:81:39:
                    e2:7c:b9:34:4e:6e:53:19:f0:ee:68:75:85:83:d3:
                    2b:e9:7b:14:46:9e:4e:c5:e3:5a:18:0b:30:e5:13
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                58:15:AB:F4:CF:03:69:02:60:7A:57:4D:C5:D5:B3:72:
                8A:19:21:68
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                58:15:AB:F4:CF:03:69:02:60:7A:57:4D:C5:D5:B3:72:
                8A:19:21:68
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
    Signature Algorithm: hss
    Signature Value:
        00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:04:9c:37:52:ff:b9:d7:
        df:f5:5b:01:ba:50:c2:50:cc:6f:f3:b1:73:df:0c:2a:ea:b3:
        ed:96:1e:ce:e7:58:05:da:8d:a7:77:21:42:32:d9:f9:4a:4d:
        f7:2b:18:2a:1c:5c:69:03:f3:1c:9c:95:6d:31:9a:c9:ca:84:
        4d:ae:b3:8b:c3:71:ac:3f:87:51:be:38:b4:bf:d9:dc:90:1f:
        1e:54:bd:f9:1a:65:70:d4:46:b6:ad:4d:6d:16:b9:fb:29:f4:
        e3:86:42:4a:3f:a4:8f:01:84:9b:44:0b:23:22:9c:97:6d:d5:
        b9:26:39:11:ab:46:82:bd:10:6c:b4:7a:64:ed:c7:40:b0:33:
        f0:b5:81:1c:b4:41:54:9c:30:d9:d2:93:ba:48:8c:4f:d0:25:
        41:60:7b:90:5e:12:20:b7:30:16:16:1e:b7:ee:d8:4b:ee:ed:
        3c:70:fc:ff:36:18:aa:24:23:87:91:65:a8:95:2d:b6:1c:d1:
        02:7b:70:81:8a:18:17:c0:45:62:fe:47:a1:3e:69:54:31:67:
        58:9a:e1:e3:c9:8d:ee:1e:2a:d1:46:75:e9:e4:90:67:01:57:
        92:54:db:b4:ea:de:8b:e7:eb:fc:27:80:9b:d5:da:e0:8e:b0:
        b3:08:ca:6f:a1:1c:f4:40:65:b0:f6:f8:c9:a7:97:04:c8:7c:
        9e:56:ec:2f:4b:cd:45:8b:d7:e6:a7:50:c7:e6:21:2c:17:31:
        23:11:7a:ae:9a:b5:84:5f:e6:5c:82:99:a8:3a:a9:91:87:9a:
        24:5c:83:01:91:7c:fc:cd:be:2e:92:50:fb:12:11:96:08:0d:
        c9:24:0d:bb:6f:fb:59:05:af:7f:96:bc:a3:f4:58:e2:fa:0a:
        4a:f2:4c:f7:b3:1b:81:dd:4a:41:a0:b1:dd:52:4c:bb:6d:c0:
        a8:d9:bb:29:c8:fc:e3:7e:f8:6a:e5:5e:c4:e4:e8:7c:0b:00:
        87:15:75:a2:06:50:97:c6:1f:14:52:79:04:a8:9c:ec:b1:c7:
        6a:46:33:98:b8:63:f7:a7:2c:d4:62:78:94:1c:5d:9d:4f:a6:
        0a:ae:39:50:85:b2:09:8d:62:c9:4c:11:9f:0c:91:a5:ac:2d:
        11:bd:71:b6:0c:ea:34:98:53:fc:2e:cc:7b:a4:9c:2e:7a:a4:
        8d:e2:e8:8c:01:a9:9c:3e:b5:34:77:33:82:01:d4:ef:72:04:
        d6:5b:e5:f6:2c:1b:ae:86:c4:73:02:44:85:d6:f7:ac:a3:e8:
        f6:a9:b5:5c:6d:46:88:da:55:b8:2b:7a:4c:0c:9a:e7:cd:5d:
        62:8a:ca:c8:96:ce:8d:71:7b:d2:c1:0d:9a:35:55:2b:84:3e:
        0e:a5:fa:d6:a0:76:8e:23:b3:df:c9:3b:4f:68:56:1e:e9:3c:
        79:5b:d3:25:54:11:ad:a6:ac:58:11:49:8f:4d:c4:c1:39:99:
        76:3a:a6:d1:2f:57:ad:bf:7c:9d:57:cc:37:0d:29:84:29:7b:
        cb:46:85:c3:81:c5:33:9a:65:c3:2f:01:48:ca:44:6c:f1:84:
        3d:d0:49:c2:c1:05:db:77:4c:b9:72:3d:6f:ce:69:f2:91:c6:
        15:25:8f:da:38:7e:ef:5b:3e:5f:35:ab:a6:78:16:28:42:c1:
        2c:2f:9e:11:53:2c:bd:c4:24:7b:e9:c4:ce:3d:d6:41:c7:5d:
        92:91:c3:37:cb:72:44:d7:0d:70:85:13:0b:ac:b3:0f:b0:e5:
        e3:2e:48:b9:9c:b8:d7:3e:7c:50:69:03:7a:5f:ae:f8:6c:09:
        61:97:6b:ce:cd:e5:f0:55:fe:05:f8:97:1d:9e:81:65:f5:ff:
        9a:7a:8c:96:d8:f8:cf:d8:dc:55:ce:67:7a:00:6b:fd:bb:3f:
        1b:3d:65:94:c1:5a:b6:a0:8e:be:a4:be:26:90:5f:1f:06:d4:
        ea:3f:a6:97:40:8e:bf:18:5c:92:0f:15:e3:05:4a:14:51:1e:
        23:81:ef:cf:f7:a8:88:75:f8:2d:28:37:26:87:27:63:5c:01:
        53:0e:5e:53:d2:a7:18:eb:2f:c0:82:49:05:b0:4d:33:6f:94:
        10:91:77:f8:90:9e:ca:fe:bb:3d:c4:42:d6:89:84:98:42:f4:
        24:b3:b4:db:5e:2b:66:a9:ff:6c:18:d4:79:f8:72:73:53:9b:
        02:ed:04:73:77:a4:68:cf:4b:be:4b:16:50:62:87:f9:49:99:
        e3:a1:0c:42:92:bc:a9:e3:2d:22:82:35:7f:71:15:88:70:6a:
        01:ab:44:64:ad:e5:52:d4:97:ee:bb:44:7b:6e:08:7f:dd:94:
        fd:c9:1c:6b:59:d1:92:51:29:03:ce:ec:bf:41:a5:14:69:54:
        3a:b4:39:d9:44:5d:f1:b2:f4:5c:6b:9f:c9:5f:bb:fc:c8:c7:
        a3:8b:e1:ec:e2:d0:69:5a:40:1c:9c:9d:8a:3d:77:3b:c1:5d:
        c0:72:61:4b:37:c5:96:8c:6d:8b:f8:56:da:ac:3e:3c:72:09:
        ce:f6:c3:fe:5d:cf:37:d9:68:cd:a7:dd:f7:96:63:da:8c:1d:
        df:b8:32:cf:eb:97:11:83:fe:6b:aa:b9:e2:4b:b2:ea:62:73:
        c3:1c:e9:40:90:56:4f:12:c3:ba:f4:2b:d9:1c:50:cc:e0:51:
        d8:eb:bf:67:28:0c:2d:13:8d:b3:6f:13:6a:1d:a7:54:20:ba:
        82:5b:b8:e5:1f:89:f1:67:26:c1:dc:1b:60:57:ed:a6:2c:f2:
        17:01:7f:a5:e7:5c:64:c9:3c:08:f2:cf:48:ec:88:84:ef:03:
        c2:f5:eb:05:31:7d:fe:7f:3c:71:41:28:17:64:5f:b9:ec:54:
        79:d0:b3:98:fb:84:9c:36:8b:43:0b:d4:c9:ec:09:4a:70:13:
        62:f2:36:c8:b4:75:cc:2a:77:08:a0:9d:ef:19:d6:88:dc:e2:
        b2:4e:40:61:71:cb:c7:c3:de:16:6f:49:7f:5e:d5:17:00:00:
        00:05:79:47:12:9f:ce:eb:1d:a8:fd:0d:b0:18:44:6a:ef:54:
        28:46:e4:19:f6:2d:3e:74:bb:9d:36:0a:ae:67:4a:28:7a:1b:
        80:39:a0:08:2a:28:a0:ec:55:ee:55:aa:a1:cc:94:d4:36:1a:
        b3:57:25:30:ad:2c:5e:63:ba:22:fc:aa:7a:59:64:f6:d8:03:
        20:28:71:f9:dc:09:fa:4c:81:b9:64:1b:ad:ea:cb:db:18:17:
        5d:d8:98:bd:d2:8d:c5:04:7c:5b:92:9a:89:f6:bc:d6:55:c7:
        08:5d:3c:58:8e:18:ac:6f:88:a8:d7:9e:d4:ee:5d:f5:21:4e:
        a5:8b:19:5f:e3:f4:66:f9:25:4d:f9:c6:60:62:31:72:5c:34:
        34:67:1a:a7:6a:7d:54:a3:d8:9b:1f:5b:f8:08:41:79:5b:43

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Appendix B. XMSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example

This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using XMSS.

Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number:
            54:7e:64:70:29:9e:03:c5:7a:a5:5c:78:d1:27:87:8c:
            54:35:17:5d
        Signature Algorithm: xmss
        Issuer: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSS CA
        Validity
            Not Before: Jul 10 08:27:24 2024 GMT
            Not After : Jul  8 08:27:24 2034 GMT
        Subject: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSS CA
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: xmss
                xmss public key:
                PQ key material:
                    00:00:00:01:2b:eb:bf:66:14:de:6f:96:5b:4d:2a:
                    50:00:7b:ad:5c:22:b0:13:79:72:02:14:a9:5f:fc:
                    96:e0:9b:78:8e:d6:be:8c:1c:70:3c:d8:dd:78:b2:
                    1a:14:47:be:1f:0d:74:72:3f:36:76:c2:cb:19:ad:
                    29:90:0b:82:de:9b:7f:df
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                62:CE:35:A5:47:77:FF:21:87:2E:BC:2D:27:E7:8E:F4:
                35:6B:CF:D8
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                62:CE:35:A5:47:77:FF:21:87:2E:BC:2D:27:E7:8E:F4:
                35:6B:CF:D8
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
    Signature Algorithm: xmss
    Signature Value:
        00:00:00:00:e5:88:a8:b8:73:ad:4d:92:f8:5c:81:c5:8a:63:
        57:6a:a7:3b:54:aa:b6:06:8a:d9:f1:c2:0b:c8:27:1e:4b:a2:
        cf:e2:da:44:ea:e8:f2:40:a8:b9:54:9c:49:36:12:24:df:74:
        ad:e5:29:ef:4f:da:88:0d:21:5d:3b:64:63:27:d0:84:b5:95:
        7a:30:18:37:cd:34:17:dd:ac:9d:9e:48:db:74:07:79:84:21:
        5a:f0:26:cd:21:64:7b:77:33:48:58:67:9b:2c:b2:85:6d:cc:
        ec:31:4b:2f:51:55:3a:85:e1:ca:04:15:ce:6e:47:39:f5:e9:
        31:45:41:ed:71:c6:4f:96:f5:ae:64:6a:bd:72:d0:8c:17:02:
        99:10:1d:14:34:ca:e5:47:e3:f7:66:96:96:11:d5:97:76:76:
        83:f1:84:a5:b6:00:5e:3e:67:97:7a:32:dc:c8:eb:4c:29:46:
        77:99:d6:da:45:e6:7b:8c:45:6d:b5:29:6b:fd:98:a2:89:8d:
        0c:30:42:f5:0b:7c:97:c5:b1:1d:e2:da:67:a9:48:a4:9e:29:
        f4:60:3f:4d:1d:48:83:82:38:ef:fa:cb:1d:86:11:a1:15:94:
        fb:d5:ee:68:f9:44:b9:3d:54:70:f3:be:17:8d:d7:2e:85:2d:
        5c:d0:a0:c5:99:52:cc:79:e7:1c:18:d9:6e:3d:0f:6c:05:51:
        33:28:35:e2:02:59:5f:1f:ed:78:0a:c6:62:f0:7d:fe:73:96:
        03:4c:b4:42:e3:00:c2:d7:cb:eb:51:10:c4:0c:64:b8:37:fe:
        85:d0:8e:11:6d:a6:16:77:b1:1e:01:d9:1e:f3:10:9c:dd:01:
        bc:38:75:5e:8f:58:9e:5b:6c:7b:0a:41:08:59:35:a9:3a:83:
        19:e0:7d:a1:f5:cf:a3:1c:4e:07:e1:ad:03:95:f2:d3:8b:79:
        33:f8:52:22:53:1b:1e:32:9a:61:3f:c4:7c:9a:e8:d5:b5:28:
        f1:84:65:d5:c1:fc:4d:16:93:88:93:69:ca:fa:94:a0:95:4e:
        23:ae:1e:60:e0:e8:b4:bf:ff:16:95:71:0f:31:74:bb:be:b8:
        5a:eb:24:95:8b:95:28:13:cd:e3:a9:65:f7:f5:6e:9b:a9:a9:
        7a:05:ce:ab:f0:54:62:d9:12:f8:a1:1a:68:df:af:15:8f:8a:
        df:67:27:c9:ed:bd:e1:81:a6:8d:9a:84:f3:91:36:d9:89:74:
        8e:ef:84:dc:5c:03:1a:08:e4:d7:f0:72:fc:6d:8a:01:34:94:
        e5:ff:08:51:1b:80:5f:e7:07:d8:9f:25:e4:1d:c3:f8:e5:d0:
        9c:50:cf:66:71:f9:cc:f7:c0:a7:d0:66:01:b7:17:a0:5f:66:
        97:a4:ff:62:ac:1c:a0:63:0d:30:28:e9:90:d5:59:a4:48:d8:
        07:87:02:4b:3f:68:23:a5:04:dc:b3:d7:45:f6:dc:b0:ec:c6:
        90:a6:1c:a1:f8:7e:84:ba:63:7e:5a:64:14:78:58:f5:75:c0:
        f5:e1:1d:bd:49:57:c0:40:08:07:99:7f:43:2e:e2:25:d8:ed:
        a3:1a:e3:78:f1:78:af:02:49:54:36:59:8e:d3:72:a5:0b:52:
        32:bd:17:a2:cf:e1:47:21:28:3d:ba:b6:24:d9:18:f9:44:73:
        35:ed:29:a4:18:bc:ed:68:cd:4a:9a:34:cb:1a:2f:b3:5f:ba:
        73:9b:18:ee:7a:a8:92:25:65:25:81:04:63:1c:22:2b:b8:ba:
        81:21:bc:f9:9d:a8:78:98:75:bc:ed:4a:c6:b7:6f:c0:91:24:
        eb:1d:f9:5d:e0:e3:78:4e:05:f6:34:0f:7b:41:54:49:20:a2:
        30:66:94:f1:da:c1:6c:3f:5e:10:92:92:a3:0c:7e:e8:8b:26:
        11:1c:d7:68:c9:31:79:b3:a4:d5:63:00:68:c3:e3:86:2d:09:
        92:4b:2d:63:7d:b8:03:a4:4c:60:b4:2c:12:d5:0b:9f:16:28:
        ea:88:2f:bb:1c:19:0b:0f:40:3d:67:e8:0b:fa:c6:e3:39:44:
        b2:bd:8a:3f:21:dd:aa:ec:a3:8c:48:dd:4c:99:43:86:d7:48:
        81:6b:e5:b9:bb:59:9f:1c:0f:3f:11:f7:7c:4b:67:a8:95:c2:
        7c:cb:3b:66:b0:79:a6:55:6f:6d:b0:29:8a:5e:7b:ee:30:68:
        f3:dd:41:29:91:f6:79:71:ae:8d:21:70:78:1d:5d:d2:f7:cf:
        e7:42:38:d1:8c:52:a6:a6:f6:b1:38:b1:2b:23:81:e1:1f:21:
        6d:99:3f:10:eb:b1:a9:73:b8:3e:31:99:cc:dd:2b:df:58:27:
        db:0b:5a:29:99:8f:b1:9f:e9:31:42:d0:26:db:53:b7:7e:30:
        41:95:c3:f0:07:83:bb:b0:63:b5:16:48:f2:a6:60:2f:32:5d:
        22:a1:da:76:4e:37:26:53:0d:95:7b:2d:b9:05:2f:93:2b:d4:
        df:c1:02:5b:f7:a5:a2:4f:11:5c:80:f4:f0:bd:c7:ea:3c:db:
        6f:e2:eb:6c:7f:c3:58:d9:31:77:4b:4d:f7:ce:bb:d6:c8:64:
        a3:01:d5:f9:a4:8d:e8:f0:ee:09:06:2c:0b:3c:ac:0a:57:d8:
        e4:81:79:ea:4a:bd:51:03:88:4c:d0:4c:0b:c4:0c:7e:2d:e7:
        df:1b:67:62:c0:d1:9c:ad:bb:d3:f0:75:dd:83:aa:70:99:2c:
        19:78:3d:26:2b:47:6f:24:c1:60:02:1e:4b:75:04:91:1f:08:
        1c:b3:79:a0:9b:db:fb:5d:3f:c7:e3:09:1f:41:3e:64:bb:ad:
        19:3d:35:e1:a6:f4:69:0b:a2:04:37:42:95:c6:c7:e5:f4:56:
        0e:67:5b:78:34:bb:07:f1:8f:e7:73:5b:87:d7:df:c9:2d:8d:
        8c:42:76:87:15:85:4b:23:03:20:34:e1:1b:f6:0c:1e:84:53:
        d9:1b:4e:d9:31:43:38:3b:88:12:84:d8:2a:38:b1:ce:0f:c7:
        07:d4:63:2d:97:89:1c:b3:44:99:eb:d4:df:32:74:be:0d:63:
        11:22:fd:fa:8e:e2:0b:56:12:56:0c:46:16:ad:44:10:26:98:
        dc:cf:c9:95:67:3e:11:c1:76:fa:b8:12:ea:96:f6:d9:91:ac:
        bf:49:b9:1c:8e:15:05:53:ac:9e:04:d2:5b:b8:87:bf:81:50:
        f7:02:a4:c0:9c:18:0f:45:ac:7a:82:cf:46:15:42:40:09:32:
        89:a5:ea:90:a5:99:68:f9:93:0c:7b:d6:7a:a8:e9:51:e2:90:
        9e:b9:ed:21:db:d9:7e:de:dc:62:6b:44:6b:9f:81:c5:77:39:
        8e:1d:78:30:de:dc:53:80:e0:c3:fa:fa:94:68:28:91:98:86:
        ff:86:04:a9:bd:58:7c:31:37:1f:db:9a:29:f3:c1:48:10:20:
        71:5f:fc:35:13:eb:7b:12:e2:7d:1c:cc:97:fe:8f:5c:a2:dd:
        f6:d2:a3:b2:ea:51:b3:ef:b1:1e:79:0b:00:53:f4:f2:52:75:
        5a:d7:17:c5:31:a0:54:4e:2b:28:2c:4f:6b:7a:27:3a:2c:04:
        da:b3:1d:04:4e:a4:4e:94:5c:a8:91:70:ab:c0:4b:75:9f:b3:
        6a:a9:4e:8a:22:e9:7f:fd:ec:53:e7:6a:6d:32:0b:8b:ab:4c:
        e7:7d:72:ec:04:62:1c:1a:45:1e:33:8e:37:ae:6a:2f:c8:fb:
        f3:69:ed:11:01:f3:f4:57:e9:29:d5:3b:0c:9c:0c:c4:cb:c3:
        38:5c:01:e7:d6:31:c3:d8:ce:24:d7:be:71:9b:c8:96:13:ca:
        5c:5d:e4:92:40:af:86:a0:4b:ff:a7:55:39:70:fd:ac:0a:e1:
        87:c7:01:4b:c3:41:36:c6:c6:33:8f:4f:25:4a:8d:70:92:ac:
        7c:95:cc:49:a9:dc:d6:6a:67:52:a5:5b:7f:2f:bb:91:e3:be:
        d6:28:fc:22:d0:72:66:e8:09:73:a7:23:c6:a6:89:38:0b:e5:
        d0:b3:f1:40:38:9c:4d:17:96:11:17:44:ef:e3:94:51:91:4c:
        5d:fe:d9:ed:c3:76:a0:2d:3b:dc:8d:b9:31:15:f6:75:58:74:
        2f:57:b4:29:21:29:6d:5f:eb:06:71:0a:f4:db:ff:c6:2f:16:
        73:a7:76:6b:d0:5b:a7:21:5c:fd:f0:11:e8:6f:9b:d0:c9:c9:
        fe:35:76:4a:4a:63:9b:ba:48:ac:af:4f:91:67:9c:5c:47:d8:
        e3:2d:03:12:5e:f1:cb:56:34:75:69:95:ad:68:96:6c:e7:4a:
        91:72:fb:9b:ba:e8:92:56:fb:9a:5b:5d:3b:9d:d3:c5:c4:52:
        42:1b:f9:4a:47:42:dd:77:49:da:2b:bd:d7:94:5f:7b:b8:64:
        b9:06:32:7c:ea:d1:36:f6:95:b8:57:41:1b:6e:66:31:2c:ee:
        87:7a:5c:19:2f:d8:95:4a:16:93:48:f3:97:25:3d:24:61:1e:
        d0:63:37:ee:3a:c9:a3:46:c5:94:a0:7e:24:cc:7f:72:8d:14:
        9e:3c:33:ec:cd:9a:dd:b5:08:90:98:19:95:85:38:ff:ff:d2:
        1e:bf:a6:c4:97:13:2b:3d:47:e9:57:59:d3:7d:99:01:6e:53:
        4d:c0:82:97:fb:89:d6:7c:b7:23:0e:7d:6e:23:88:53:06:8f:
        16:ff:40:0a:1b:cd:d5:1e:91:01:3e:77:3a:5f:c1:57:3a:7b:
        c6:d5:51:d7:e2:ec:89:12:6b:9d:03:e4:9d:bb:7d:4e:02:bf:
        67:8d:03:ca:90:56:f0:9a:97:4b:02:2d:4c:31:89:82:76:97:
        fe:2f:d5:0a:3d:ea:0d:38:6c:30:75:5f:ae:91:53:d7:45:64:
        df:ba:0b:22:80:44:85:6d:0e:5c:29:7f:82:9e:54:a3:7a:95:
        be:96:79:66:9d:5b:a2:d6:2e:47:c6:99:7d:2b:32:dc:f2:b6:
        02:91:6d:63:d4:93:45:60:c4:42:71:10:9e:fb:90:2f:e6:75:
        71:ce:78:70:c1:da:ff:e1:47:fe:79:2b:8e:9a:81:bf:dd:02:
        e3:78:39:71:17:b3:23:14:11:9d:29:8e:21:a1:98:b0:ac:03:
        5a:6c:9e:62:64:ef:4f:03:ca:37:a6:ed:e4:78:d5:0d:99:29:
        f5:5c:61:e6:48:cb:97:0e:5e:f9:2c:f6:b6:c7:7c:0c:a4:f7:
        1a:f7:67:b5:5c:03:bf:bf:7a:e2:4d:a2:9b:5d:5d:5f:51:d0:
        d6:52:8f:2a:20:68:08:bb:f0:9c:05:0e:ef:b3:49:0c:2a:1d:
        8f:f9:03:b7:61:09:71:88:7d:e2:8c:e4:b8:ac:98:1b:c3:80:
        55:a1:6b:dd:13:a2:29:4f:93:93:d3:d5:01:31:3f:7b:39:0e:
        3a:57:6c:eb:5c:6a:5f:1b:ad:97:bd:97:23:18:91:05:0e:2b:
        b4:b1:11:ee:f8:58:c7:08:d0:de:a2:3e:ba:54:8d:3d:63:da:
        91:50:3a:24:8d:19:18:23:2e:cf:30:8d:5d:e3:e7:02:93:fa:
        c8:f8:ea:05:e6:eb:06:80:90:4d:15:58:3d:26:98:13:4b:b0:
        ac:dd:90:2e:d0:e1:eb:71:32:83:5d:2a:a9:b9:b5:24:fc:e9:
        ec:18:ca:c9:a1:05:59:3e:fa:af:ed:4e:86:b1:fe:40:47:9b:
        42:77:af:9c:2b:a0:e2:3e:fd:51:ab:02:77:e8:f1:39:45:aa:
        54:b6:14:d4:14:20:fc:36:81:e6:04:98:8a:a0:c0:8a:cf:ae:
        f6:b5:dc:b7:eb:26:86:d3:cf:1c:38:65:54:04:b1:b5:09:48:
        f5:2d:07:ba:f8:eb:49:bd:d9:b1:54:ea:ac:c2:0d:20:10:79:
        c1:cb:e9:dc:2d:ff:55:50:4f:f6:05:02:78:31:33:6f:15:7e:
        24:5a:66:23:70:b3:b2:0c:17:39:ce:15:38:c5:ff:60:16:38:
        60:74:72:c9:70:d8:59:b7:80:7f:da:f6:67:3f:d0:ba:be:1b:
        a1:87:da:92:2d:a3:6c:99:29:57:aa:cb:d1:8d:66:f1:2d:c9:
        56:60:24:56:4b:19:9f:f5:65:84:89:86:7d:4d:8b:f8:5b:60:
        dd:af:2d:66:76:6c:66:d9:c6:f5:39:25:6c:e5:7b:43:97:64:
        5c:c5:20:1e:3d:b5:dc:92:b2:9c:d8:1b:1b:e0:bc:44:7b:9c:
        95:c5:53:48:91:b2:a5:46:16:bf:50:af:a5:44:cc:54:78:3f:
        ed:20:d8:2e:0b:41:3d:f1:04:9d:df:3c:4a:d7:81:04:ff:8c:
        b7:79:f8:51:8d:b7:2e:ac:2c:54:e6:fc:43:76:8e:f9:be:8c:
        b8:5c:ad:c4:13:af:b0:6e:3b:d1:82:57:1e:f5:52:84:ca:cc:
        d2:68:f3:2d:04:ff:27:0a:e6:a2:fa:c0:a9:97:d6:64:45:18:
        5c:6f:9e:c1:64:22:66:db:56:02:c3:a8:57:fc:87:1b:5c:43:
        15:8e:58:fc:f2:00:0b:4f:6a:4b:a0:5c:da:f2:e5:1b:82:4a:
        6b:ef:db:63:d7:7d:93:1d:2f:20:78:37:17:22:82:cd:6b:c1:
        83:61:05:81:99:0c:25:29:d6:5f:22:bc:06:67:7d:67

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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ReZ7jEVttSlr/ZiiiY0MMEL1C3yXxbEd4tpnqUiknin0YD9NHUiDgjjv+ssdhhGh
FZT71e5o+US5PVRw874XjdcuhS1c0KDFmVLMeeccGNluPQ9sBVEzKDXiAllfH+14
CsZi8H3+c5YDTLRC4wDC18vrURDEDGS4N/6F0I4RbaYWd7EeAdke8xCc3QG8OHVe
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qWX39W6bqal6Bc6r8FRi2RL4oRpo368Vj4rfZyfJ7b3hgaaNmoTzkTbZiXSO74Tc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PNtv4utsf8NY2TF3S033zrvWyGSjAdX5pI3o8O4JBiwLPKwKV9jkgXnqSr1RA4hM
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25op88FIECBxX/w1E+t7EuJ9HMyX/o9cot320qOy6lGz77EeeQsAU/TyUnVa1xfF
MaBUTisoLE9reic6LATasx0ETqROlFyokXCrwEt1n7NqqU6KIul//exT52ptMguL
q0znfXLsBGIcGkUeM443rmovyPvzae0RAfP0V+kp1TsMnAzEy8M4XAHn1jHD2M4k
175xm8iWE8pcXeSSQK+GoEv/p1U5cP2sCuGHxwFLw0E2xsYzj08lSo1wkqx8lcxJ
qdzWamdSpVt/L7uR477WKPwi0HJm6AlzpyPGpok4C+XQs/FAOJxNF5YRF0Tv45RR
kUxd/tntw3agLTvcjbkxFfZ1WHQvV7QpISltX+sGcQr02//GLxZzp3Zr0FunIVz9
8BHob5vQycn+NXZKSmObukisr0+RZ5xcR9jjLQMSXvHLVjR1aZWtaJZs50qRcvub
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G83VHpEBPnc6X8FXOnvG1VHX4uyJEmudA+Sdu31OAr9njQPKkFbwmpdLAi1MMYmC
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xpl9KzLc8rYCkW1j1JNFYMRCcRCe+5Av5nVxznhwwdr/4Uf+eSuOmoG/3QLjeDlx
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jOS4rJgbw4BVoWvdE6IpT5OT09UBMT97OQ46V2zrXGpfG62XvZcjGJEFDiu0sRHu
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S7Cs3ZAu0OHrcTKDXSqpubUk/OnsGMrJoQVZPvqv7U6Gsf5AR5tCd6+cK6DiPv1R
qwJ36PE5RapUthTUFCD8NoHmBJiKoMCKz672tdy36yaG088cOGVUBLG1CUj1LQe6
+OtJvdmxVOqswg0gEHnBy+ncLf9VUE/2BQJ4MTNvFX4kWmYjcLOyDBc5zhU4xf9g
FjhgdHLJcNhZt4B/2vZnP9C6vhuhh9qSLaNsmSlXqsvRjWbxLclWYCRWSxmf9WWE
iYZ9TYv4W2Ddry1mdmxm2cb1OSVs5XtDl2RcxSAePbXckrKc2Bsb4LxEe5yVxVNI
kbKlRha/UK+lRMxUeD/tINguC0E98QSd3zxK14EE/4y3efhRjbcurCxU5vxDdo75
voy4XK3EE6+wbjvRglce9VKEyszSaPMtBP8nCuai+sCpl9ZkRRhcb57BZCJm21YC
w6hX/IcbXEMVjlj88gALT2pLoFza8uUbgkpr79tj132THS8geDcXIoLNa8GDYQWB
mQwlKdZfIrwGZ31n
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Appendix C. XMSSMT X.509 v3 Certificate Example

This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using XMSSMT.

Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number:
            5c:22:ad:8a:06:51:9e:67:02:6a:2d:43:3e:8b:c7:23:
            43:77:80:c8
        Signature Algorithm: xmssmt
        Issuer: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSSMT CA
        Validity
            Not Before: Jul 10 08:28:04 2024 GMT
            Not After : Jul  8 08:28:04 2034 GMT
        Subject: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSSMT CA
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: xmssmt
                xmssmt public key:
                PQ key material:
                    00:00:00:01:4b:a7:89:11:6f:fc:1d:fb:d3:e7:71:
                    73:b8:a2:48:ef:53:b9:9d:1f:c6:8a:7c:be:4f:8a:
                    29:fa:41:fd:bd:da:20:7f:f6:3b:b0:c5:b8:a7:c2:
                    f2:5a:f2:26:14:eb:36:f0:26:2f:87:74:fb:0e:d5:
                    7e:17:a0:d1:4d:b6:cf:51
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                7C:7D:59:B8:95:61:D5:03:6A:1E:3D:F1:24:AB:1D:ED:
                04:CD:DB:5F
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                7C:7D:59:B8:95:61:D5:03:6A:1E:3D:F1:24:AB:1D:ED:
                04:CD:DB:5F
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
    Signature Algorithm: xmssmt
    Signature Value:
        00:00:00:57:c4:98:89:ff:d9:0a:8e:6e:6f:16:95:8c:ec:35:
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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Russ Housley, Panos Kampanakis, Michael StJohns, and Corey Bonnell for their helpful suggestions and reviews.

This document uses a lot of text from similar documents, including: [SP800208], [RFC3279] and [RFC8410], as well as [RFC9708]. Thanks goes to the authors of those documents. "Copying always makes things easier and less error prone" [RFC8411].

Authors' Addresses

Daniel Van Geest
CryptoNext Security
Kaveh Bashiri
BSI
Scott Fluhrer
Cisco Systems
Stefan-Lukas Gazdag
genua GmbH
Stavros Kousidis
BSI
RFC 9802: Use of the HSS and XMSS Hash-Based Signature Algorithms in Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
Proposed Standard